1 ‘participles and ‘gerunds’ We can use -ing forms (e.g. smoking, walking) not only as verbs, but also like adjectives or nouns...

1 formal emails: style and layout Formal emails are similar in style to letters on paper. The writer’s postal address and phone/fax number, if...

Compare: a book for children about Africa and its people./a textbook on African history. a conversation about money./a lecture on economics. We...

will have + past participle We can use the future perfect to say that something will be finished or complete by a certain time in the future. The...

Examples: very, extremely, terribly, just (meaning ‘exactly’ or ‘a short time’), almost, really, right. These adverbs go directly before the words...

1 the need for auxiliary verbs In English sentences, a lot of important meanings are expressed by the verb phrase – for example questioning...

1 punctuation We usually write abbreviations without full stops in modem British English. Full stops (AmE ‘periods’) are normal in American...

1 forms and use In sentences like Come here, Be quiet, Have a drink or Don’t worry about it, the verb forms come, be, have and don’t worry’...

Thinking about the past and present together We use the present perfect if we are thinking about the past and present together. We do not use the...