1 ‘participles and ‘gerunds’ We can use -ing forms (e.g. smoking, walking) not only as verbs, but also like adjectives or nouns...

Prepositions are not normally used before infinitives in English. After verb/ noun/adjective + preposition, we usually use the -ing form of a...

What is the subjunctive? Some languages have special verb forms called ‘subjunctive’, which are used especially to talk about ‘unreal’ situations...

verb • + infinitive see infinitives 4: after verbs • + for … to see infinitives 13: for … to … verb • + infinitive or -ing form...

negative verb forms: auxiliary + not We make negative verb forms by putting not after an auxiliary verb. We have not forgotten you. It was not...

double use of relative pronouns Note that relative pronouns have a double use: they act as subjects or objects inside relative clauses, and at the...

9 indirect questions Whether and if can both introduce indirect questions. I’m not sure whether/if I’ll have time. I asked whether/if she...

1 the need for auxiliary verbs In English sentences, a lot of important meanings are expressed by the verb phrase – for example questioning...

Borrowing is taking (for a time). Can I borrow your bicycle? (not Can I lend your bicycle?) You borrow something from somebody. I borrowed a pound...